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China Coal to OIL project a success

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发表于 2017-10-6 05:52:57 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Just saw on Chinese TV about the Coal to Oil project a success after 4 years of construction in Western Province.  Here is the article from Financial times.
Notice the high usage of Water during the process.


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        https://www.ft.com/content/02931290-1d94-11e7-a454-ab04428977f9

        China’s coal-conversion plants surge back to life

Fossil fuel’s low price spurs revival of highly polluting water-guzzling projects
Read next
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An existing coal conversion plant in Ningdong © Getty
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APRIL 12, 2017 by Lucy Hornby
Water-guzzling coal-conversion projects are springing to life in arid western China, setting the stage for the large-scale deployment of what was previously a niche industry.

A three-year downturn in coal prices has revived projects that convert coal to motor fuel, petrochemical feedstock or gas, after many were shelved in 2008 because of concerns about water supply and pollution.

Successful development in China opens the door to the export of coal-intensive technologies, undercutting international efforts to limit emissions of carbon and other greenhouse gases. Coal conversion is not only highly polluting, it also consumes large amounts of water. 

“It’s certainly something China is focusing on,” said Benjamin Sporton, chief executive of the World Coal Association. “As the energy mix diversifies, coal producers are coming under pressure and they are looking at other ways to use coal.”

Chinese coal-conversion projects have been stop-start for years. They are plagued by technical difficulties, billions of dollars in losses and bureaucratic reversals. New coal conversion targets were set in January after Chinese president Xi Jinping endorsed a mammoth coal-to-oil plant in Ningxia, a desert region with some of the world’s richest coal reserves. 

The expansion strains the scarce water resources of China’s coal heartlands. Coal-to-liquids plants traditionally use 13 tonnes of water per tonne of fuel produced. 


The first phase of state-owned coal group Shenhua’s pilot project in Ordos, Inner Mongolia, caused the local aquifer to drop by up to four metres in its first year of operation. Phase two begins this year and will rely on mining and urban wastewater, Zhang Chuanjiang, Shenhua’s head of coal to liquids, told a recent conference. Shenhua plans to cap water use at 6 tonnes per tonne of output, he said.

Complicated schemes to transfer rights to water from the Yellow River are enabling coal-conversion projects in areas short of water resources. Water rights transfers are being eyed for Zhundong, Xinjiang, where a planned $28.5bn cluster of coal conversion projects has encroached on a nature reserve. 

Shenhua’s Ningdong plant has secured Yellow River water rights previously allocated to Ningxia’s 2,000-year-old rice paddies, said Yao Min, vice-general manager of the project.

China’s coal giants want to promote coal conversion overseas, especially as part of China’s “Belt and Road” initiative. “We are pushing overseas projects where there are low-cost coal resources,” Mr Zhang said.

Projects that work in China’s state-dominated economy may not be practical elsewhere. Coal conversion has become profitable in China because of an unusual combination of low coal prices relative to state-set gas or petrol prices.

Coal-to-liquids projects normally make economic sense only when oil prices are high or supply is limited. The technology was first developed in Nazi Germany, and commercialised in apartheid-era South Africa.

Natural gas prices are set relatively high in China to justify pipelines running thousands of miles from central Asia to population centres in the east. That gives an opening to gas derived from coal, which is projected to supply 12 per cent of China’s gas consumption by 2020. The switch to gas forms part of Beijing’s Paris agreement pledge for emissions to peak around 2030. 

Meanwhile, a state-set price band designed to protect state-owned refiners from oil price downturns has also allowed coal to be profitably transformed into motor fuels. 

Coal-conversion plants’ cost basis is about Rmb3,000 ($434) per tonne, compared with approximately Rmb5,000 at China’s most efficient refineries. The state-set wholesale price for gasoline this month is about Rmb7,000 per tonne, while diesel is about Rmb6,000 per tonne.

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 楼主| 发表于 2017-10-6 06:23:46 | 显示全部楼层
Coal liquefaction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "Coal to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbon-based products. However, the most common process chain is "Coal to Liquid Fuels" (CTL).
Contents  [hide]
1        Historical background
2        Methods
2.1        Pyrolysis and carbonization processes
2.2        Hydrogenation processes
2.3        Indirect conversion processes
3        Environmental considerations
4        Research and development of coal liquefaction
5        Coal liquefaction plants and projects
5.1        World (Non-U.S.) Coal to Liquid Fuels Projects
5.2        U.S. Coal to Liquid Fuels Projects
6        See also
7        References
8        External links
Historical background[edit]
Coal liquefaction is an old technique that orginally was developed at the beginning of the 20th century[1]. The best known CTL-process is Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, named after the inventors Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in the 1920s.[2] The FT-synthesis is the basis for ICL technology. Friedrich Bergius, also a German chemist, invented direct coal liquefaction (DCL) as a way to convert lignite into synthetic oil in 1913.
Coal liquefaction became an integral part of the German industry helped to fuel the its military during World War II. Coal liquefaction was an important part of Adolf Hitlers four year plan of 1936.[3] In mid 1930s, companies like IG Farben and Ruhrchemie initiated industrial production of synthetic fuels derived from coal. This led to the construction of twelve DCL plants using hydrogenation and nine ICL plants using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by the end of World War II. In total, CTL provided 92% of Germany’s air fuel and over 50% of its petroleum supply in the 1940s.[1] The DCL and ICL plants effectively complemented each other rather than competed. The reason for this is that coal hydrogenation yields high quality gasoline for aviation and motors, while FT synthesis chiefly produced high quality diesel, lubrication oil, and waxes together with some smaller amounts of lower quality motor gasoline. The DCL plants were also more developed as lignite - the only coal available in many parts of Germany - worked better with hydrogenation than with FT synthesis. After the war, Germany had to abandon its synthetic fuel production as it was prohibited by the Potsdam conference in 1945.[3]
South Africa developed its own CTL-technology in the 1950s. The South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation (Sasol) was founded in 1950 as part of industrialization process that the South African government considered essential for continued economic development and autonomy.[4] However, South Africa had no domestic oil reserves and this made the country very vulnerable to disruption of supplies coming from outside, albeit for different reasons at different times. Sasol was a succesful way to protect the country’s balance of payment against the increasing dependence on foreign oil. For years its principal product was synthetic fuel and this business enjoyed significant government protection in South Africa during the apartheid years for its contribution to domestic energy security.[5] Although it was generally much more expensive to produce oil from coal than from natural petroleum, the political as well as economic importance of achieving as much independence as possible in this sphere was sufficient to overcome any objections. Early attempts to attract private capital, foreign or domestic, were unsuccessful, and it was only with state support that the coal liquefactions could start. CTL continues plays a vital part in South Africa's national economy, providing around 30% of its domestic fuel demand. The democratization in the 1990s has made Sasol search for products that could prove more competitive in the global marketplace, and as of the new millennium Sasol is focusing primarily on its petrochemical business, as well as on efforts to convert natural gas into crude oil (GTL) usings its expertise in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
CTL-technologies have steadily improved since the Second World War. Technical development has resulted in a variety of systems capable of handling a wide array of coal types. However, only a few enterprises based on generating liquid fuels from coal have been undertaken, most of them based on ICL-technology. The most successful one is the South African company Sasol. CTL also received new interest in mid-2000s as a possible mitigation option for reducing oil dependence as rising oil prices and concerns over peak oil made planners rethink existing supply chains for liquid fuels.
Methods[edit]
Specific liquefaction technologies generally fall into two categories: direct (DCL) and indirect liquefaction (ICL) processes. Direct processes are based on approached such as carbonization, pyrolysis and hydrogenation.[6]
Indirect liquefaction processes generally involve gasification of coal to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, often known as synthesis gas or simply syngas, and then using a suitable process such as Fischer–Tropsch process to convert the syngas mixture into liquid hydrocarbons.[7]
In contrast, direct liquefaction processes convert coal into liquids directly without having to rely on intermediate steps by breaking down the organic structure of coal with application of solvents or catalysts in a high pressure and temperature environment.[8] Since liquid hydrocarbons generally have a higher hydrogen-carbon molar ratio than coals, either hydrogenation or carbon-rejection processes must be employed in both ICL and DCL technologies.
At industrial scales (i.e. thousands of barrels/day) a coal liquefaction plant typically requires multibillion-dollar capital investments.[9]
Pyrolysis and carbonization processes[edit]
A number of carbonization processes exist. The carbonization conversion typically occurs through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. It produces condensable coal tar, oil and water vapor, non-condensable synthetic gas, and a solid residue-char.
One typical example of carbonization is the Karrick process. In this low-temperature carbonization process, coal is heated at 680 °F (360 °C) to 1,380 °F (750 °C) in the absence of air. These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar. However, any produced liquids are mostly a by-product and the main product is semi-coke - a solid and smokeless fuel.[1]
The COED Process, developed by FMC Corporation, uses a fluidized bed for processing, in combination with increasing temperature, through four stages of pyrolysis. Heat is transferred by hot gases produced by combustion of part of the produced char. A modification of this process, the COGAS Process, involves the addition of gasification of char.[10] The TOSCOAL Process, an analogue to the TOSCO II oil shale retorting process and Lurgi-Ruhrgas process, which is also used for the shale oil extraction, uses hot recycled solids for the heat transfer.[10]
Liquid yields of pyrolysis and Karrick processes are generally too low for practical use for synthetic liquid fuel production.[11] Furthermore, the resulting liquids are generally of low quality and require further treatment before they can be usable as motor fuels. Resulting coal tars and oils from pyrolysis are then further processed by hydrotreating to remove sulfur and nitrogen species, after which they are finally processed into liquid fuels.[10]
In summary, there is little possibility that this process will yield economically viable volumes of liquid fuel.[9]
Hydrogenation processes[edit]

Friedrich Bergius
See also: Bergius process
One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal to liquids by hydrogenation process is the Bergius process, developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In this process, dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. A catalyst is typically added to the mixture. The reaction occurs at between 400 °C (752 °F) to 500 °C (932 °F) and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction can be summarized as follows:[6]
n C + (n + 1) H2 → CnH2 n + 2
After World War I several plants based on this technology were built in Germany; these plants were extensively used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants.[12] The Kohleoel Process, developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant with the capacity of 200 ton of lignite per day, built in Bottrop, Germany. This plant operated from 1981 to 1987. In this process, coal is mixed with a recycle solvent and iron catalyst. After preheating and pressurizing, H2 is added. The process takes place in a tubular reactor at the pressure of 300 bar and at the temperature of 470 °C (880 °F).[13] This process was also explored by SASOL in South Africa.
In 1970-1980s, Japanese companies Nippon Kokan, Sumitomo Metal Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries developed the NEDOL process. In this process, coal is mixed with a recycled solvent and a synthetic iron-based catalyst; after preheating, H2 is added. The reaction takes place in a tubular reactor at a temperature between 430 °C (810 °F) and 465 °C (870 °F) at the pressure 150-200 bar. The produced oil has low quality and requires intensive upgrading.[13] H-Coal process, developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., in 1963, mixes pulverized coal with recycled liquids, hydrogen and catalyst in the ebullated bed reactor. Advantages of this process are that dissolution and oil upgrading are taking place in the single reactor, products have high H/C ratio, and a fast reaction time, while the main disadvantages are high gas yield (this is basically a thermal cracking process), high hydrogen consumption, and limitation of oil usage only as a boiler oil because of impurities.[10]
The SRC-I and SRC-II (Solvent Refined Coal) processes were developed by Gulf Oil and implemented as pilot plants in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.[13]
The Nuclear Utility Services Corporation developed hydrogenation process which was patented by Wilburn C. Schroeder in 1976. The process involved dried, pulverized coal mixed with roughly 1wt% molybdenum catalysts.[6] Hydrogenation occurred by use of high temperature and pressure synthesis gas produced in a separate gasifier. The process ultimately yielded a synthetic crude product, Naphtha, a limited amount of C3/C4 gas, light-medium weight liquids (C5-C10) suitable for use as fuels, small amounts of NH3 and significant amounts of CO2.[14] Other single-stage hydrogenation processes are the Exxon Donor Solvent Process, the Imhausen High-pressure Process, and the Conoco Zinc Chloride Process.[13]
There are also a number of two-stage direct liquefaction processes; however, after the 1980s only the Catalytic Two-stage Liquefaction Process, modified from the H-Coal Process; the Liquid Solvent Extraction Process by British Coal; and the Brown Coal Liquefaction Process of Japan have been developed.[13]
Shenhua, a Chinese coal mining company, decided in 2002 to build a direct liquefaction plant in Erdos, Inner Mongolia (Erdos CTL), with barrel capacity of 20 thousand barrels per day (3.2×103 m3/d) of liquid products including diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and naphtha (petroleum ether). First tests were implemented at the end of 2008. A second and longer test campaign was started in October 2009. In 2011, Shenhua Group reported that the direct liquefaction plant had been in continuous and stable operations since November 2010, and that Shenhua had made 800 million yuan ($125.1 million) in earnings before taxes in the first six months of 2011 on the project.[15]
Chevron Corporation developed a process invented by Joel W. Rosenthal called the Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process (CCLP).[16] It is unique due the close-coupling of the non-catalytic dissolver and the catalytic hydroprocessing unit. The oil produced had properties that were unique when compared to other coal oils; it was lighter and had far fewer heteroatom impurities. The process was scaled-up to the 6 ton per day level, but not proven commercially.
Indirect conversion processes[edit]
See also: Fischer-Tropsch process and Gas to liquids
Indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) processes operate in two stages. In the first stage, coal is converted into syngas (a purified mixture of CO and H2 gas). In the second stage, the syngas is converted into light hydrocarbons using one of three main processes: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Methanol synthesis with subsequent conversion to gasoline or petrochemicals, and methanation. Fischer-Tropsch is the oldest of the ICL processes.
In methanol synthesis processes syngas is converted to methanol, which is subsequently polymerized into alkanes over a zeolite catalyst. This process, under the moniker MTG (MTG for "Methanol To Gasoline"), was developed by Mobil in early 1970s, and is being tested at a demonstration plant by Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group (JAMG) in Shanxi, China. Based on this methanol synthesis, China has also developed a strong coal-to-chemicals industry, with outputs such as olefins, MEG, DME and aromatics.
Methanation reaction converts syngas to substitute natural gas (SNG). The Great Plains Gasification Plant in Beulah, North Dakota is a coal-to-SNG facility producing 160 million cubic feet per day of SNG, and has been in operation since 1984.[17] Several coal-to-SNG plants are in operation or in project in China, South Korea and India.
The above instances of commercial plants based on indirect coal liquefaction processes, as well as many others not listed here including those in planning stages and under construction, are tabulated in the Gasification Technologies Council's World Gasification Database.[18]
Environmental considerations[edit]
Main article: Environmental impact of the coal industry
Typically coal liquefaction processes are associated with significant CO2 emissions from the gasification process or as well as from generation of necessary process heat and electricity inputs to the liquefaction reactors.[9], thus releasing greenhouse gases that can contribute to anthropogenic global warming. Especially if coal liquefaction is conducted without any carbon capture and storage technologies.[19] There are technically feasible low-emission configurations of CTL plants.[20]
High water consumption in water-gas shift or methane steam reforming reactions is another adverse environmental effect.[9]
Pyrolysis of coal produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known carcinogens.[21] On the other hand, synthetic fuels produced by indirect coal liquefaction processes tend to be 'cleaner' than naturally occurring crudes, as heteroatom (e.g. sulfur) compounds are not synthesized or are excluded from the final product.
CO2 emission control at Erdos CTL, an Inner Mongolian plant with a carbon capture and storage demonstration project, involves injecting CO2 into the saline aquifer of Erdos Basin, at a rate of 100,000 tonnes per year.[22][third-party source needed] As of late October 2013, an accumulated amount of 154,000 tonnes of CO2 had been injected since 2010, which reached or exceeded the design value.[23][third-party source needed]
Ultimately, coal liquefaction-derived fuels will be judged relative to targets established for low-greenhouse gas emissions fuels.[editorializing] For example, in the United States, the Renewable Fuel Standard and Low-carbon fuel standard such as enacted in the State of California reflect an increasing demand for low carbon-footprint fuels. Also, legislation in the United States has restricted the military's use of alternative liquid fuels to only those demonstrated to have life-cycle GHG emissions less than or equal to those of their conventional petroleum-based equivalent, as required by Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007.[24]
Research and development of coal liquefaction[edit]
The United States military has an active program to promote alternative fuels use,[25] and utilizing vast domestic U.S. coal reserves to produce fuels through coal liquefaction would have obvious economic and security advantages. But with their higher carbon footprint, fuels from coal liquefaction face the significant challenge of reducing life-cycle GHG emissions to competitive levels, which demands continued research and development of liquefaction technology to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. A number of avenues of research & development will need to be pursued, including:
Carbon capture and storage including enhanced oil recovery and developmental CCS methods to offset emissions from both synthesis and utilization of liquid fuels from coal,
Coal/biomass/natural gas feedstock blends for coal liquefaction: Utilizing carbon-neutral biomass and hydrogen-rich natural gas as co-feeds in coal liquefaction processes has significant potential for bringing fuel products' life-cycle GHG emissions into competitive ranges,
Hydrogen from renewables: the hydrogen demand of coal liquefaction processes might be supplied through renewable energy sources including wind, solar, and biomass, significantly reducing the emissions associated with traditional methods of hydrogen synthesis (such as steam methane reforming or char gasification), and
Process improvements such as intensification of the Fischer-Tropsch process, hybrid liquefaction processes, and more efficient air separation technologies needed for production of oxygen (e.g. ceramic membrane-based oxygen separation).
Since 2014, the U.S. Department of Energy and the Department of Defense have been collaborating on supporting new research and development in the area of coal liquefaction to produce military-specification liquid fuels, with an emphasis on jet fuel, which would be both cost-effective and in accordance with EISA Section 526.[26] Projects underway in this area are described under the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory's Advanced Fuels Synthesis R&D area in the Coal and Coal-Biomass to Liquids Program.
Every year, a researcher or developer in coal conversion is rewarded by the industry in receiving the World Coal To X Award. The 2016 Award recipient is Mr. Jona Pillay, Executive director for Gasification & CTL, Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (India).
In terms of commercial development, coal conversion is experiencing a strong acceleration.[27] Geographically, most active projects and recently commissioned operations are located in Asia, mainly in China, while U.S. projects have been delayed or canceled due to the development of shale gas and shale oil.
Coal liquefaction plants and projects[edit]
World (Non-U.S.) Coal to Liquid Fuels Projects[edit]
World (Non-U.S.) Coal to Liquid Fuels Projects[18][28]
Project        Developer        Locations        Type        Products        Start of Operations
Sasol Synfuels II (West) & Sasol Synfuels III (East)        Sasol (Pty) Ltd.        Secunda, South Africa        CTL        160,000 BPD; primary products gasoline and light olefins (alkenes)        1977(II)/1983(III)
Shenhua Direct Coal Liquefaction Plant        Shenhua Group        Erdos, Inner Mongolia, China        CTL (direct liquefaction        20,000 BPD; primary products diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha        2008
Yitai CTL Plant        Yitai Coal Oil Manufacturing Co., Ltd.        Ordos, Zhungeer, China        CTL        160,000 mt/a Fischer-Tropsch liquids        2009
Jincheng MTG Plant        Jincheng Anthracite Mining Co., Ltd.        Jincheng, China        CTL        300,000 t/a methanol from MTG process        2009
Sasol Synfuels        Sasol (Pty) Ltd.        Secunda, South Africa        CTL        3,960,000 (Nm3/d) syngas capacity; Fischer-Tropsch liquids        2011
Shanxi Lu'an CTL Plant        Shanxi Lu'an Co. Ltd.        Lu'an, China        CTL        160,000 mt/a Fischer-Tropsch liquids        2014
ICM Coal to Liquids Plant        Industrial Corporation of Mongolia LLC (ICM)        Tugrug Nuur, Mongolia        CTL        13,200,000 (Nm3/d) syngas capacity; gasoline        2015
Yitai Yili CTL Plant        Yitai Yili Energy Co.        Yili, China        CTL        30,000 BPD Fischer-Tropsch liquids        2015
Yitai Ordos CTL Plant Phase II        Yitai        Ordos, Zhungeer-Dalu, China        CTL        46,000 BPD Fischer-Tropsch liquids        2016
Yitai Ürümqi CTL Plant        Yitai        Guanquanbao, Urunqi, China        CTL        46,000 BPD Fischer-Tropsch liquids        2016
Shenhua Ningxia CTL Project        Shenhua Group Corporation Ltd        China, Yinchuan, Ningxia        CTL        4 million tonnes/year of diesel & naphtha        2016
Celanese Coal/Ethanol Project        Celanese Corporation – PT Pertamina Joint Venture        Indonesia, Kalimantan or Sumatra        CTL        1.1 million tons of coal/year to produce ethanol        2016
Clean Carbon Industries        Clean Carbon Industries        Mozambique, Tete province        Coal waste-to-liquids        65,000 BPD fuel        2020
Arckaringa Project        Altona Energy        Australia, South        CTL        30,000 BPD Phase I 45,000 BPD + 840 MW Phase II        TBD
U.S. Coal to Liquid Fuels Projects[edit]
U.S. Coal to Liquid Fuels Projects[18][29]
Project        Developer        Locations        Type        Products        Status
Adams Fork Energy - TransGas WV CTL        TransGas Development Systems (TGDS)        Mingo County, West Virginia        CTL        7,500 TPD of coal to 18,000 BPD gasoline and 300 BPD LPG        Operations 2016 or later
American Lignite Energy (aka Coal Creek Project)        American Lignite Energy LLC (North American Coal, Headwaters Energy Services)        MacLean County, North Dakota        CTL        11.5 million TPY lignite coal to 32,000 BPD of undefined fuel        Delayed/Cancelled
Belwood Coal-to-Liquids Project (Natchez)        Rentech        Natchez, Mississippi        CTL        Petcoke to up to 30,000 BPD ultra-clean diesel        Delayed/Cancelled
CleanTech Energy Project        USA Synthetic Fuel Corp. (USASF)        Wyoming        Synthetic crude        30.6 mm bbls/year of synthetic crude (or 182 billion cubic feet per year)        Planning/financing not secured
Cook Inlet Coal-to Liquids Project (aka Beluga CTL)        AIDEA and Alaska Natural Resources to Liquids        Cook Inlet, Alaska        CTL        16 million TPY coal to 80,000 BPD of diesel and naphtha; CO2 for EOR; 380 MW electrical generation        Delayed/Cancelled
Decatur Gasification Plant        Secure Energy        Decatur, Illinois        CTL        1.5 million TPY of high-sulfur IL coal generating 10,200 barrels per day of high quality gasoline        Delayed/Cancelled
East Dubuque Plant        Rentech Energy Midwest Corporation (REMC)        East Dubuque, Illinois        CTL, polygeneration        1,000 tpd ammonia; 2,000 BPD clean fuels and chemicals        Delayed/Cancelled
FEDC Healy CTL        Fairbanks Economic Development Corp. (FEDC)        Fairbanks, Alaska        CTL/GTL        4.2-11.4 million TPY Healy-mined coal; ~40k BPD liquid fuels; 110MW        Planning
Freedom Energy Diesel CTL        Freedom Energy Diesel LLC        Morristown, Tennessee        GTL        Undetermined        Delayed/Cancelled
Future Fuels Kentucky CTL        Future Fuels, Kentucky River Properties        Perry County, Kentucky        CTL        Not specified. Coal to methanol and other chemicals (over 100 million tons of coal supply)        Active
Hunton "Green Refinery" CTL        Hunton Energy        Freeport, Texas        CTL        Bitumen crude oil to 340,000 BPD jet and diesel fuel        Delayed/Cancelled
Illinois Clean Fuels Project        American Clean Coal Fuels        Coles County, Illinois        CTL        4.3 million TPY coal/biomass to 400 million GPY diesel and jet fuel        Delayed/Cancelled
Lima Energy Project        USA Synthetic Fuel Corp. (USASF)        Lima, Ohio        IGCC/SNG/H2, polygeneration        Three Phases: 1) 2.7 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE), 2) expand to 5.3 million BOE (3) expand to 8.0 million BOE (47 billion cf/y), 516 MW        Active
Many Stars CTL        Australian-American Energy Co. (Terra Nova Minerals or Great Western Energy), Crow Nation        Big Horn County, Montana        CTL        First phase: 8,000 BPD liquids        Active (no new information since 2011)
Medicine Bow Fuel and Power Project        DKRW Advanced Fuels        Carbon County, Wyoming        CTL        3 million TPY coal to 11,700 BPD of gasoline        Delayed/Cancelled
NABFG Weirton CTL        North American Biofuels Group        Weirton, West Virginia        CTL        Undetermined        Delayed/Cancelled
Rentech Energy Midwest Facility        Rentech Energy Midwest Corporation (REMC)        East Dubuque, Illinois        CTL        1,250 BPD diesel        Delayed/Cancelled
Rentech/Peabody Joint Development Agreement (JDA)        Rentech/Peabody Coal        Kentucky        CTL        10,000 and 30,000 BPD        Delayed/Cancelled
Rentech/Peabody Minemouth        Rentech/Peabody Coal        Montana        CTL        10,000 and 30,000 BPD        Delayed/Cancelled
Secure Energy CTL (aka MidAmericaC2L        MidAmericaC2L /Siemens        McCracken County, Kentucky        CTL        10,200 BPD gasoline        Active (no new information since 2011)
Tyonek Coal-to-Liquids (formerly Alaska Accelergy CTL Project)        Accelergy, Tyonek Native Corporation (TNC)        Cook Inlet, Alaska        CBTL        Undefined amount of coal/biomass to 60,000 BPD jet fuel/gasoline/diesel and 200-400 MW electricity        Planning
US Fuel CTL        US Fuel Corporation        Perry County/Muhlenberg County, Kentucky        CTL        300 tons of coal into 525 BPD liquid fuels including diesel and jet fuel        Activ
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